动词

过去完成时

形式

had + 过去分词

用法

在讨论过去之前的情况时，使用过去完成时.

例如

  • It was twenty to six. Most of the shops had just closed.
  • By 1960 most of Britain's old colonies had become independent.
  • He had enjoyed the party.
  • They hadn't gone to bed until late.
  • Where had he put wallet?

比较

现在完成时(present perfect) 表示现在之前

  • My wallet isn't here. I have left it behind.

过去完成时表示过去之前

  • My wallet wasn't there. I had left it behind.

过去完成进行时(past perfect continuous)

形式

had been + -ing形式

Usage

表示过去持续了一段时间的动作

For example

  • I had been swimming in the pool.

比较

过去完成进行时表示过去持续了一段时间

  • Vicky felt tired because she had been working all day.

过去完成时表示过去已经完成

  • Vicky felt pleased because she had done so much work.

将来时

将来时具有多种形式，取决于如何看待将来的事情。

will

1. will 表示一种中性方式。 用来表示对将来的了解和看法，它既不表示已经决定要做什么事情，也不表示正在计划什么事情

  • I will be free for most of the summer. (中性的将来)

表达的是将来的事实，而不是一种打算：

  • I will be twenty next Friday.

2. will还可以表示瞬间的决定，即表示几乎在说话的同时决定或同意做某事

  • I'm thirsty. I think I will make some tee.
  • I don't think I will do any work tonight. I'm too tired.

3. will还可用于点菜

  • I will have the ham salad, please.

4. will可以表示主动帮忙或邀请

  • I will peel the potatoes. ~ Oh, thank you.
  • Will you come to lunch? ~Yes, thank you.

Shall

shall的用法和will差不多，但只用于第一人称I或We后。shall比will更正式

be going to

1. be going to用于表示已经决定做某事

例如

  • I am going to watch the next programme.
  • Emma is going to do an experiment this afternoon.

现在进行时可以具有一种同be going to相似的意思。

  • I am going to visit my friend at the weekend.
  • I am visiting my friend at the weekend.

但不能用will。

2. I'm not going to可用于拒绝

  • I'm sorry, I am not going to walk half a mile in the rain.

3. be going to可以用于预言

例如，当梯子正在动的时候

  • Oh no! I am going to fall!
  • Do you think it's going to rain?

will用于预测将来，而be going to是看到某事将要发生，根据当前的情况用be going to做出预测。

  • I think United will win the game.
  • There isn't a cloud in the sky. * * a lovely day.

现在时(present tense)表示将来

1. 现在进行时

与be going to用法一致，见上

2. 一般现在时

表示日程表：

  • What time does your train leave tomorrow?
  • The train leaves at seven twenty-three tomorrow morning.

be to和be about to

be to用于官方安排的将要发生的事，也可用现在进行时。

  • The queen is to visit Portugal in November.
  • The queen is visiting Portugal in November.

be about to表示最近的将来

  • The place is at the end of the runway. It is about to take off.
  • Do you want to say goodbye to our visitors? They are about to leave.

有、无把握

当我们对将来没有把握的时候，可以使用 might, could.

  • We might go to Canada.

  • It could snow soon.

还可以使用I'm sure, definitely, I expect, I (don't) think,probably.

  • I'm sure it'll be all right.
  • We're definitely going to be at the meeting.

将来进行时(will be doing)

1. 将来进行时表示将来的某个时间动作正在进行

  • Andrew can't go to the party. He will be working all day tomorrow.
  • When the men leave the buildings, the police will be waiting for them.

2. 比较will和will be doing

  • The band will play when the President enters.
  • The band will be playing when the President enters.

前者表示总统进来后，乐队将演奏；而后者表示总统进来之前，乐队就将开始演奏。

3. will be doing也可以表示将来的动作，它是计划中的一部分，或者未来活动日程安排的一部分

  • The ship will be sailing soon.

4. will be + -ing

用于询问某人的计划。

  • Will you be going anywhere near a chemist's this morning?

will have done

will have + 过去分词表示将来结束的事情。

  • I like looking at these pictures, but I will have had enough by lunch-time.
  • Will you have read this book by the time it's due back to the library?

was going to

1. be going to的过去式可用于表示过去的打算

  • I was going to tidy the flat, but I didn't have time.

2. was going to可以用于表示过去的预言

  • I knew something was going to go wrong with the plan.

would的意思与was going to类似:

I knew something would go** wrong with the plan.

When

When用于表示认为将要发生的情况

1. When后面跟一般现在时

When后面不用将来时(will)，而是使用一般现在时。

例如

  • I can sleep when I get home.

时间连词(after, as, as soon as, before, by the time, until, when, while)后，用一般现在时表示将来。

2. When后面跟现在完成时

时间连词后也可以用现在完成时表将来，它的作用和一般现在时一致。

例如

  • As soon as you have heard any news, will you let me know?

但有时它们也有差异：

  • When I see the report, I'll make some notes.(我将同时做这两件事)
  • When I have seen the report, I'll make some notes.(我将先看报告，然后做笔记)

3. When后面跟现在进行时

也可以用现在进行时表将来，尤其在when和while之后。

例如

  • When I am boating along the canal next week, I might be able to relax.
  • Mark is going to listen to music while he is driving to Scotland.